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 =Tropical Rainforest =  · Very humid · Year-round warmth · 50-260 inches of rain per year, it rains more than 90 days a year · Average temperature 68-90 degrees Fahrenheit · Trees are a height of 164 feet plus · 70 % if the plants in the rainforest are trees · There is no dry season · Climate is classified as a //Equatorial Climate//
 * Physical Climate: **
 * Organisms: **

· There are over 2500 species of vines · More than 2/3 of the world’s plant species are found in the rainforest · Many trees grow on other trees and their roots take nutrients from the air · Soil is very poor in nutrients · Vegetables/fruits/foods in the rainforest include pineapple, pepper, palm tree, orchid, fern, peanut, orange, lemon, coffee, banana and avocado · Leaves have adapted in size, the leaves at the top of the trees smaller to ensure that the sun does not absorb their water, leave on the bottom are bigger to hold water and absorb sunlight  **Animals: ** · Most of the animals in the rainforest are insects · Arachnids, reptiles, amphibians, birds, animals, and insects are all types of animals in the rainforest · Competition is common between animals, because food is so scarce · Some birds have adapted to have bigger beaks to give them an advantage in the hunt for food ** 2.   ** The swollen thorn acacia tree offers lodging, water, and food for ants and their young and the ants protect the trees from predators **Produced by Nick Bratton and Abby Marriott**
 * Plants: **
 * Interactions: **
 * 1.  ** Leaf-cutter ants bury leaves they have collected and these with a combination of substances the ants produces allow a type of fungus to grow, and this fungus is the only food they eat.
 * Works Cited: **
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= Philip Host and Alex Rack Mr. Perella Science 9 H 25 March 2009 Chaparral (Mediterranean) = = Physical climate: = Described as shrubby coastal and sometimes mountainous areas located in southern California coast, southern South America, Mediterranean, and southern African and southwest Australian areas. Four seasons, winter, spring, summer, and fall. Warm mild winter’s hot dry summers. Winter temps average 50 degrees. Summer is sixty four. Temp. Ranges from 30-100 degrees Fahrenheit. Very dry, only about 15-25 inches of rain per year, mostly in the winter. Goes between grassland and forest, and desert and grassland biomes

=Organisms:=

Animals: Jackrabbits, foxes, toads, coyotes, rattlesnakes, gophers, woodpeckers, aardvarks, kangaroo rats, wallabies, and many other insects and birds. Most animals living in the Chaparral biome need to be able to burrow, extract water from certain plants, or migrate during the hottest summer months. Plants: Both deciduous and evergreen, the Chaparral biome has plants like Scrub oaks, shrubs, and California lilacs. Most Chaparral plants have developed waxy leaves which are resistant to fire.

=Interesting Interactions: = 1. Plants have adapted to the very dry environment and frequent fires, by becoming more fireproof with waxy leaves that don’t light easily and by developing hair like fibers in order to collect more water. 2. Very few animals can survive the extremely dry summers in the Chaparral biome, so they mostly are forced to migrate or burrow away from the heat and towards water.

=Works:=

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 a.)  Polar ice caps are located in Antarctica and in the Arctic. There are also some located in the Arctic Ocean and along with he interior of Greenland. Antarctica has polar ice caps covering much of this continent.  b.)   The climate here is very harsh with strong winds, very dry soil moisture, and either a very bright sun or cloudy. When the sun is out it is very harsh because there is very little vegetation so no shade.  c.)  The temperature here during the summer ranges from 5 degrees Celsius to negative 30 degrees Celsius. The Polar Ice Caps have the coldest temperature on earth. Some people describe the Polar ice caps as “polar desert” due to little rainfall. (0.4in a year).  d.)   Polar ice caps are very barren and open area made up in layers of snow and ice with little vegetation. There are also no seasons for temperature variation. Only during the summer does the temperature does up a few degrees. During the colder seasons it in almost impossible to travel because of the coldness.  a.)  In the Polar Ice Caps have little to no plant life because they are exposed to little or no soil, also there is very little decomposition and organic matter. Very little plants such as algae, in the water, mosses and kelp.  a.)   Like plants, there is very little living animals that live in the Polar Ice Caps because of extreme weather conditions. The animals that do live there and deal with the cold conditions are polar bears, fish, certain whales, penguins, seals, and walruses.  b.)  Even though there are few species that live here the species have vast numbers. The interactions that are in the Polar Ice Caps biome are the polar bears eat the Harbor Seal and the second interaction is the Killer Whale eats the penguins.  http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/icecap.html [] []
 * Polar Ice Caps **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #c0504d; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> A.)  ****__ Description __**
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #548dd4; msothemecolor: text2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153;"> 1.)  ****<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #548dd4; font-family: Calibri; msothemecolor: text2; msothemetint: 153;">Abiotic Factors **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #c0504d; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> B.)  ****__ Organisms __**
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #31849b; msothemecolor: accent5; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191;"> 1.)  ****<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #31849b; font-family: Calibri; msothemecolor: accent5; msothemeshade: 191;">Plants **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #31849b; msothemecolor: accent5; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191;"> 2.)  ****<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #31849b; font-family: Calibri; msothemecolor: accent5; msothemeshade: 191;">Animals **

By: Grace Magerr and Katelyn Batter

Gina DiTaranto Luna Lemus-Bromley <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> A.  Physical Features **a**. Vast grasslands scattered with trees <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **b**. Rich soil <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  Created by periodic fires caused by lightening or by humans <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **c**. Canopies with grass life underneath <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> B.  Climate <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **a**. Seasons <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  Dry seasons are considered winters in the Savanna <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ii. Wet seasons are considered summers in the Savanna <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **b**. Temperature <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  Range from 68 degrees to 86 degrees F. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ii. Temperature in winters range from 68 to 78 degrees F. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iii. Temperatures in summers range from 78 to 86 degrees F. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iv. Temperature changes gradually and not frequently <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **c**. Rainfall <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  Average rainfall is 10 to 30 inches <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ii. Winter rainfall averages 4 inches <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iii. Summer rainfalls average 15 to 25 inches <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> C.  Organisms <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **a.**  Producers <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  Senegal Gum Acacia <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ii. Baobab <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iii. Bermuda grass <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iv. Candelabra tree <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> v.  Elephant grass <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> vi. Gum tree/ Eucalyptus tree <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> vii. Jackalberry tree <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> viii. Jarrah tree <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ix. Kangaroo paw <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> x.  Manketti tree <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> xi. River Bushwillow <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> xii. Umbrella Tjorn Acacia <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> xiii. Whistling thorn <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **b**. Consumers <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  African elephant <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ii. African Wild dog <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iii. Black Mamba <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> iv. Caracal <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> v.  Chacma baboon <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> vi. Egyptian mongoose <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> vii. Emu <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> viii. Grant zebra <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ix. Koala bear <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> x.  Lion <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> xi. Nigriceps Ant <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> xii. Nile Crocodile <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> D.  Interactions <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **a**. Plant and animal <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> i.  When animals eat the grasses, they normally eat the top half, or leave, off the shrubs. This then stimulates the growth of the plant. This makes it possible for an abundance of animals to graze in these savannas because the grasses will be multiplying whenever and animal eats the top half of a plant. This interaction makes the grasses the dominant plant inside the savanna. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> ii. The baboons, and common animal of the savanna, stores food in a special pouch in their cheeks. As they eat, they put aside food in their mouth so that it is saved for a later time. As Baboons eat, they leave or drop food around them and subconsciously feed other organisms in the area. <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> E.  Work cited <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **a**. [] <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **b**. [] <span style="mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> **c.**  []
 * I Savanna**

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Taiga /Boreal Biome <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Plants //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 1. Small to medium sized evergreen 2. Late successional, or climax growth tree. (they grow old in undisturbed forests) 3. Major food supplies for animals in the winter time 1. The bark is a reddish pine 2. Adapts to hilly areas that have sandy soil 3. The jack pine’s waxy leaves and rough bark protects it from the cold climate of the Taiga 1. Leaves are a silvery white and the bark on the branches is too 2. Grow best in moist places; grow fast 3. Don’t live very long //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">II. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Animals //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Balsam Fir **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">B. Jack Pine **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">C. White Poplar **

1. Average lifespan is 25 years 2. Their coat is well adapted to the cold winter because of all the many layers of fur 3. Claws are adapted well to their environment so they can climb trees 4. This bear hibernates in the winter to avoid having to search for food 5. Predator/omnivore 6. Helps the environment by eliminating over-populated prey 1. live in areas that have thick woods, lakes, swamps, rocks and logs near fresh water 2. they have two different types of fur: outer layer and an inner layer 3. omnivore, they eat fish, shellfish, crustaceans, beetles, snails, and other small mammals 4. the River Otter has guard hairs that protect it from freezing and use scent glands to mark their territory 1. their feet have fur on the bottom to create traction and to keep from freezes 2. in the summer, they are a rusty brown color but turn white in the winter to hide from predators 3. good from escaping predators, swimming, and running 4. herbivore 5. eat grass, clovers, and other greens in the summer 6. twigs, buds, and bark in the winter //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">III. Taiga/Boreal Forest: Physical //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> 1. Winter <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> a. Very cold, with only snow. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> b. Winter lasts for 6 to 7 months in the Taiga <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> 2. Summer <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> a. Warm and humid. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> b. Rain is common. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> c. Short season. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">3. Fall and Spring <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> a. Very short in the Taiga biome, so they’re hardly noticeable. 4. Temperature a. Winter temperatures range from -54 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">° <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> to -1 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">° <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> Celsius (-65 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">° <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> to 30 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">° <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> Fahrenheit) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> b. Cool Arctic air blows in from the north and causes extreme cold in nighttime. c. Summer temperatures get down to -7 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">° <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">and up to 21° Celsius (20 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">° to 70° F) 5. Rainfall a. Average taiga rainfall is 12-33 inches (30-84 cm). i. Most of the rain falls in the summer. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 1. Forest Fires occur frequently in the taiga biome. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> a. Trees have grown thick bark because of this. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> b. When there are forest fires, the upper canopy of the trees burns away. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> c. This allows smaller plants to grow. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> d. Then, smaller animals feed on these plants that couldn’t have survived before. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> e. Once the trees grow back, the smaller plants die. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> f. After the plants die out, the animals that fed on them die out. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> g. The region is back to its climax community.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A. American Black Bear **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">River Otter **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Snowshoe Rabbit **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * A. CLIMATE-cold biome of northern regions.**
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">B. Succession in the Taiga **

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/taiga_plant_page.html

<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(14,160,14); font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Grassland

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f. Annual temperature changes in a grassland biome are usually very large, having a six to eight month wet season and then an extremely dry season afterwards in which wild fires occur. If rain occurred throughout the year some grassland would turn into tropical forest, but the fires maintain it as grassland.======

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b. There are mostly grasses and wildflowers, such as needle grass, coneflowers, clover, and lemongrass. Taller grasses are closer to forests while shorter grasses are closer to deserts, but some trees and shrubs exist in the savannah.======

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e. Herbivores include but are not limited to: armadillos, zebras, antelopes, and gazelles. Carnivores include but are not limited to: wolves, coyotes, sparrows, and wildcats. Prairies dogs are a rare example of omnivores.======

By Jenny Ho and Josh Butler
**// ARCTIC TUNDRA //** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #632423; font-family: Times New Roman; text-decoration: none; msothemecolor: accent2; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #0f243e; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: text2; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Located in the northern hemisphere. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· It encircles the north pole and extends to the coniferous forests (taiga). <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Frost-molded landscapes, poor nutrients. It has cold desert-like conditions.<span style="color: #d99594; mso-spacerun: yes; msothemecolor: accent2; msothemetint: 153; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Permafrost year round: Layer of ice, right under a little layer of soil. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Soil forms slowly. This causes bogs and shallow lakes that don’t drain. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The tundra is a bleak and treeless place. It is cold through all months of the year. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The wind constantly blows, thus whipping around all the small plants. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· It doesn’t rain that much and together with strong, dry winds the tundra is an extreme weather biome. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #d99594; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The precipitation that falls evaporates slowly and because of the poor drainage caused by the permafrost. **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4f6228; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: accent3; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">Climate: ** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4f6228; mso-spacerun: yes; msothemecolor: accent3; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msospacerun: yes;"> //<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #76923c; mso-themecolor: accent3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;">Seasons: //<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #76923c; mso-themecolor: accent3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Short growing seasons. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The growing season ranges from 50-60 days. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Summer is a brief period of milder climates. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The sunshine lasts almost 24 hours a day. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Summer only lasts 6 to 10 weeks. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· In winter it is dark most of the day. 46-42 weeks. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4f6228; mso-spacerun: yes; msothemecolor: accent3; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msospacerun: yes;"> //<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4f6228; mso-themecolor: accent3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 128;">Temp: // <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Coldest of all biomes, extremely low temperatures. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Average winter temperature is -20 - -30° F (or -34° C). <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #c2d69b; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent3; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Average summer temperature is 37-54° F (or 3-12°C) //<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4f6228; mso-themecolor: accent3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 128;">Rainfall: // Little precipitation but it varies within different regions of the arctic. The yearly precipitation (including melting snow) is 6-10 inches (15-25 cm). Average rainfall is 8 inches. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #404040; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: text1; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Low biotic diversity <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #404040; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: text1; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Simple vegetation structure <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #404040; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: text1; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· And Limitation of drainage **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #403152; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 128;">Plants: **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #403152; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 128;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· There are no deep root systems in the vegetation of the arctic tundra, but there’s still a variety. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· There are about 1,700 kinds of plants. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· All of the plants are adapted to the winds and soil disturbances. Plants group together to resist the cold. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Since the growing seasons are short most plants reproduce by budding and division. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The kinds are : <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #b2a1c7; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liverworts, and grasses <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #b2a1c7; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent4; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemetint: 153; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· 400 varieties of flowers **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #984806; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: accent6; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">Animals: ** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #984806; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent6; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· The animals adapted to handle long, cold winters and breed and raise young quickly. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #984806; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent6; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Some animals like birds and mammals have additional insulation from fat. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #984806; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent6; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Many animals hibernate because of the lack of food. Some migrate south like birds. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #984806; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent6; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Reptiles and amphibians are few and far between. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #984806; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: accent6; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Kinds : <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #e36c0a; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;"> -Herbivores: Lemmings, voles, caribou, arctic hares, and squirrels <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #e36c0a; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;"> -Carnivores: Arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #e36c0a; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;"> -Migratory birds: Ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, sandpipers, and terns. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #e36c0a; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;"> -Insects: Mosquitoes, flies, moths, grasshoppers, black flies & arctic bumble bees <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #e36c0a; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 191;"> -Fish: cod, flat fish, salmon and trout. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #948a54; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: background2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Dead organic material functions as a nutrient pool (energy & nutrients) <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #948a54; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: background2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #948a54; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: background2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Large population fluctuation <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #948a54; font-family: Symbol; msothemecolor: background2; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol;">· Crutoes and foliose lichen <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #595959; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: text1; msothemetint: 166; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;"> **__<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #595959; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themetint: 166;">TWO INTERESTING INTERACTIONS __**<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 128;"> ** Two: **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4f6228; mso-themecolor: accent3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themeshade: 128;"> An polar bear will hunt and kill things and an arctic fox follows sometimes to scavenge what's left. [] [] [] [] By: Amy Norton & Rachel Van Metre
 * __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: text1; msothemetint: 217; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">DESCRIPTION __**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #943634; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: accent2; msothemeshade: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">Physical: **
 * __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #404040; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: text1; msothemetint: 191; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">ORGANISMS __**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4a442a; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: background2; msothemeshade: 64; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">Other: **
 * One: ** The arctic tern flies thousands of miles from the Antarctic to the Arctic ( 20,000 miles or 32,000 km.) to raise it’s young. As it flies it’s able to catch insects and dive into the surface to catch small fish in its beak.
 * __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: gray; font-family: Times New Roman; msothemecolor: background1; msothemeshade: 128; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt;">WORKS CITED __**

Does not have to contain sand
 * Desert Environment **

Sand desserts usually consist of sand dunes

Many deserts contain soil instead of sand

Can be mountainous or flat

Some desserts consist of sandstone plateaus or claw rich basins

Often show stretches of exposed bedrock

Often contain oases, small patches of land where rainwater collects. These areas are usually more densely populated with life Deserts have the common climatic characteristic of very low rainfall and humidity. Classified deserts if they have a potential moisture deficit, or they lose more water then they receive. Hot and cold desserts exist, with extremes ranging from 113 fahrenheit to -29 fahrenheit. Even in hot desserts, nighttime temperatures can go below freezing. Two climates, a dry season and a wet season, during the wet season, it experiences very rare storms (or snow in cold desserts).
 * Dessert Climates **

Desserts often support very diverse variations of life forms, contrary to the traditional concept of desserts being arid and lifeless. __ Plants: __ The plants that live in the dessert are generally very well adapted to the climate. They retain a lot of moisture, so that they may survive in its arid climate. These include cacti, sunflowers, certain bush plants and many shrubs, including. Cacti are particularly adapted to the desert, having huge stretches of roots and spines which help retain moisture. __ Animals: __ The animals, like the plants, are also very well adapted to the dessert climate, usually stay in hiding during the day, and coming out at night. These animals include kangaroos, coyotes, dessert mice, bats, predatory and scavenging birds, jackrabbits, and a large variety of lizards. Since the dessert is a very dry environment, most animals get their water from the plants or their prey. Many cacti rely on bats to pollinate them.
 * Organic Life **
 * Animal Interactions **